Full-text language: English
Karipidou, A., Berberidou, F., Moustakidis, Ath., Giannakopoulos, A.
Democritus University of Thrace, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Occupational Therapy. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the technical characteristics of attack performance during Side-Out Phase – Complex I and to investigate differences between winning and losing teams participating in the final phase of the Men’s Volleyball Nations League (VNL). The sample consisted of eight (N = 8) national teams that competed in the semifinal and final stages of the Men’s VNL. A total of eight matches were analyzed, comprising 4,912 side-out attack actions. Data were collected through systematic video observation using a structured protocol with a five-point scale for each variable. Attack type, attack direction, and attack quality were examined. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square (χ²) tests to identify differences between winning and losing teams, with the level of significance set at p < .05. Statistically significant differences were found in favor of winning teams regarding powerful attacks, attack direction toward zones 5, 6, 7, and 8, and attack quality, particularly attacks leading to difficult defensive situations and direct points (kills). No significant differences were observed for softer attack types such as tips or finger shots. The findings highlight the decisive role of attack effectiveness in high-level men’s volleyball. Winning teams demonstrated greater use of powerful attacks, more varied and targeted attack directions, and higher-quality attack outcomes. These results provide valuable insights for coaches and performance analysts aiming to optimize offensive strategies and training design in elite volleyball.
Keywords: volleyball, attack performance, side-out, match analysis, performance indicators